The Duryea Brothers of Automobile History

Americas first gasoline powered commercial car manufacturers were two brothers, Charles Duryea and Frank Duryea. The brothers were bicycle makers who became interested in the new gasoline engines and automobiles. Charles Duryea and Frank Duryea were the first Americans to build a successful commercial automobile and the first to incorporate an American business for the expressed purpose of building automobiles for sale to the public. Duryea Motor Wagon Company On September 20, 1893, the Duryea brothers first automobile was constructed and successfully tested on the public streets of Springfield, Massachusetts. Charles Duryea founded the Duryea Motor Wagon Company in 1896, the first company to manufacture and sell gasoline powered vehicles. By 1896, the company had sold thirteen cars of the model Duryea, an expensive limousine, which remained in production into the 1920s. Americas First Automobile Race At 8:55 am on November 28, 1895, six motor cars left Chicagos Jackson Park for a 54-mile race to Evanston, Illinois and back through the snow. Car Number 5 driven by inventor Frank Duryea, won the race in just over 10 hours at an average speed of 7.3 mph. The winner earned $2,000, the enthusiast from the crowd who gave the horseless vehicles the new name of motorcycles won $500, and the Chicago Times-Herald Newspaper that sponsored the race wrote, Persons who are inclined to decry the development of the horseless carriage will be forced to recognize it as an admitted mechanical achievement, highly adapted to some of the most urgent needs of our civilization. Americas First Recorded Automobile Accident In March 1896, Charles and Frank Duryea offered for sale the first commercial automobile, the Duryea motor wagon. Two months later, New York City motorist Henry Wells hit a bicyclist with his new Duryea. The rider suffered a broken leg, Wells spent a night in jail and the nations first traffic accident was recorded. Charles Duryea (1861 - 1938)Frank Duryea (1870 - 1967)

Importance of Cyber Security - 1744 Words

The nation has become dependent on technology, furthermore, cyberspace. It’s encompassed in everything we deliver in our daily lives, our phones, internet, communication, purchases, entertainment, flying airplane, launching missiles, operating nuclear plants, and implicitly, our protection. The more ever-growing technology empower Americans, the more they become prey to cyber threats. The United States Executive Office of the President stated, â€Å"The President identified cybersecurity as one of the top priorities of his administration in doing so, directed a 60-day review to assess polices.† (United States Executive Office of the President, 2009, p.2). Furthermore, critical infrastructure, our network, and internet alike are identified†¦show more content†¦(United States Executive Office of the President, 2009). Though seemingly constructive measures, this order falls short within the administration. The success of the administration’s 60-day policy review relied heavily on report findings, however privacy of information placed barriers on the mission, moreover, the issue of classified information presented challenges. The final report delivery made a powerful statement about cybersecurity threats and urgency, and the administration’s need to communicate a response. (Cate Laurie, 2009). Consequently, this prompted the president to appoint a privacy official reporting to the new cybersecurity coordinator. As the current administration acknowledges the majority of infrastructure is owned and operated by the private sector, it’s noted that the president is adamant that his administration won’t dictate security standards instead they will work together to find technology solutions. (Cate Laurie, 2009). Also noted during the President’s East Room announcement was his promise on a new approach to keep and protect the American’s personal privacy. To date, no real action has been implemented to solidify any legal change. Administrative Policy Differences Cyersecurity has been on the forefront of policy priority for legislative administration for several years, cybersecurity protection doesn’t fit into conventional or traditional security problems. As technology has advanced,Show MoreRelatedThe Importance of Cyber Security1093 Words   |  4 Pagesuse and lack of protection from cyber security, more and more people are becoming victims of cyber bullying, or the teasing and discrimination of others through online sources. The internet not only offers communication tactics, but also ways to keep track of your finances and shop from home. Identity theft through hacking is well known among the ones who risk putting their personal banking information online. Because of all the crime, the demand for cyber security is steadily increasing. 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Prescribing Art In Mental Health Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(117) " the Humanistic disciplines Council produced an extended papers sing art for wellness, which included mental health\." Most practicians rely on traditional methods ( antidepressants, CBT and reding ) to pull off mental wellness upsets and merely a minority have an consciousness, understanding or credence of the usage of art as a possible intercession. Critics of ‘art for mental wellness ‘ highlight the wealth of anecdotal and subjective grounds sing wellbeing and self-esteem betterments and the deficiency of quantitative, randomised controlled informations. While the exact mechanism/s of ‘healing ‘ or wellness betterment is a topic for argument, surveies have shown quantitative wellness betterments through art engagement ( shorter infirmary corsets, reduced depression symptoms ) 1,2 These benefits have been recognised and encouraged by many authorities documents, enterprises and reappraisals. We will write a custom essay sample on Prescribing Art In Mental Health Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In recent old ages, nevertheless, their stated visions and hereafter purposes have produced small direct action and the exact function of art within the boundaries of modern medical specialty is ill defined. Personal aim To see my ain prepossessions of utilizing art as a direction scheme in mental wellness and to reflect on how my position has changed as a effect of a literature reappraisal and active engagement. Preconceptions To measure my ain acquisition and development, it seems appropriate to document my preconceived thoughts sing the engagement of art as a intervention for psychological conditions. Previous experience as an antidepressant representative for a pharmaceutical company taught me that art psychotherapeutics is a utile adjunct to medicines in ‘moderate ‘ disease and a utile standalone therapy for ‘mild ‘ depression and anxiousness. As a medical pupil, I instinctively grouped art-based therapy together with ‘alternative therapy ‘ and mentally stereotypic categories to doing clayware and picture flowers. While many of my co-workers view all alternate therapies as a ‘waste of resources ‘ or ‘placebo at best ‘ , I have ever kept an unfastened head, believing art likely can assist certain patients. On contemplation, my premise is based upon my theory of causing ; industrialization and consumerism has created an environment, which for many of us is non contributing to mental well-being. From an evolutionary position we are societal animals, designed to be physically active, necessitating regular societal battle and submergence within the ‘natural ‘ environment. This provides creativeness, security, pleasance and support. Today, our inert and frequently stray concrete environment replacement ‘s creativeness for multimedia input. For many, particularly those with any susceptibleness, this being allows psychological jobs to boom. Through take parting in originative activities, I believe that certain societal, environmental and cognitive demands are met. For some, the societal and synergistic facets of art therapy might let the look of suppressed feelings, doing this a signifier of indirect guidance. While my theory might be deemed nonsensical to some, or intuitive to others, the inquiry arises ; should this be funded on the NHS? While art intercessions will offer benefits to some, as a pupil of evidence-based pattern, I need converting. By its really nature, nevertheless, I expect to happen an inordinate sum of literature on instance surveies and descriptions of ‘improve-wellbeing ‘ . I am cognizant that GPs have been able to order art for a figure of old ages, doing me optimistic that robust quantitative grounds and cost-effectiveness analysis exists. By carry oning a literature reappraisal and attention categories myself, I hope to go better informed, to acquire a clearer thought of what art intercession can offer. It would besides be good to reason whether in this clip of fiscal load, the grounds supports the usage of art for mental wellness on the NHS. Literature reappraisal The grounds for utilizing art to handle mental wellness day of the months back to the 1940 ‘s. Improved communicating was observed between psychopathology inmates and creative persons, the birth of art psychotherapeutics. Since so the literature contains a wealth of anecdotal benefits back uping humanistic disciplines engagement for mental wellness patients. There is a distinguishable deficiency, nevertheless, of unequivocal decisions or systematic reappraisals. This is highlighted by the first ‘art on prescription ‘ strategy ( 1991 ) , where Stockport GPs prescribed art based therapies to their mental wellness patients. Unfortunately quantitative informations collected was limited to a general wellness questionnaire, which merely noted a 5-point betterment in overall wellness over 15-weeks ( n=33 ) .3 In 2000, the Health Development Agency ( HDA ) reviewed the grounds of wellness benefits offered through community-based humanistic disciplines undertakings, included mental wellness projects.4 They concluded that although there was sufficient, albeit anecdotal, grounds for betterments in patient well-being and self-pride ; ‘Evaluation harmonizing to wellness standards is infrequent ‘ . ‘It is impossible to give precise inside informations of improved wellness, peculiarly in the visible radiation of the fact that so few undertakings straight provide information on wellness, or societal affairs related to wellness, which are based on formal instruments of measuring ‘ . In 2002, the HDA commissioned the Centre for Arts and Humanities in Health and Medicine ( CAHHM ) to reexamine and measure community-based humanistic disciplines in wellness ‘ . While mental-health was non specifically addressed, the study criticised rating, quantitative evidence,5 sample sizes and highlighted disagreements between healer purposes and medical outlooks, proposing that in future undertakings ; ‘ †¦ .all parties clarify their purposes, premises and demands ‘ . It was non until 2004, when a study by Rosalia Staricoff mentioning 364 documents was published, that a specific literature reappraisal described how single modes of art can profit mental illness.6 She concluded that engagement with art improves self look, creativeness, self-esteem, stress degrees and communicating between service users, their households and the suppliers. It was besides fresh for this type of reappraisal that she offered some medical accounts for the betterments, largely in footings of physiological impact. Sing the unfavorable judgments sing research methodological analysis discussed therefore far, it might be expected to happen a figure of randomized controlled, robust surveies published within the last five old ages. While this reappraisal found many little undertakings and mental wellness anecdotes in reappraisal documents, merely one quantitative survey, published in a scientific research diary was identified. In 2007, 30 patients having chemotherapy who were assigned to a H2O painting category, had significantly reduced ( p=0.021 ) depressive symptoms compared to those assigned to no activity.7 More late ( 2007 ) , the Humanistic disciplines Council produced an extended papers sing art for wellness, which included mental health. You read "Prescribing Art In Mental Health Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples"8 While it included elaborate information on instance surveies and good pattern, it was light on robust decisions of clinical and curative results, with one major exclusion. Singing for the encephalon demonstrated the important curative benefits singing has upon memory, depression and physical well-being in dementedness sufferers.9 In 2008, an 18-month rural undertaking placed creative persons in Cornish GP patterns to work with mental wellness patients ( Figure 1 ) . While the qualitative result steps were positive ( e.g. patient feedback ) , 10 it is interesting to observe how local consumption of this free enterprise ( 8.6 % ) reflects my planetary observations. Figure 1: Users mosaic displayed in Falmouth surgery. A recent survey ( 2010 ) investigated the significance of art to service users. It made the interesting remark that therapy creates distance from the ‘ †¦ †¦ .perceived subjugation of statutory service suppliers ‘ , 11 helping recovery. While many of the publications discussed are promoting, when the grounds is scrutinised to the same grade as a scientific diary, the field is characterised by good recognised jobs ; subjective nature, little sample sizes, inconsistent or neglected validated rating methodologies.12 Personal Experience In November 2010, Arts for Health Cornwall and Isle of Scilly ( AFHC ) commissioned four creative persons to run a 12-month undertaking, Arts response, with purposes to ; ‘ †¦ supply meaningful originative activity chances in community scenes targeted at grownups with mental wellness jobs ‘ . The group I attended consisted of one enthusiastic creative person and seven members who had attended similar strategies in recent old ages or were straight referred by their GP. In a really informal mode, we were encouraged to draw/etch our studies into froth to make printed cards ( Figure 2 ) . The general criterion was much higher than my personal creative activities below demonstrate! Figure 2. My print and cards. This was the 3rd of the group ‘s two-hour Sessionss and what first struck me was how good they had bonded. One lady, for illustration, was absent and they called to look into how she was. Another lady was late ; she had been sing a group member who was holding a ‘bipolar low ‘ , converting her to reach her GP. Finally, after the session they all went for a societal drink. While the benefits of socialization, communicating and originative battle were clear, the proviso of relationships appeared to even supply a potentially robust safety cyberspace. One lady commented on how she had no avocations before go toing a similar group antecedently. From the experience art had grown into an of import portion of her life, she sold her foremost painting last hebdomad, hiking her assurance. Finding added intent and flight from hopelessness has frequently been reported from humanistic disciplines participation.13 The creative person commented that the group was diffident and loath to prosecute ab initio. During this session I could see how single assurance grew with each print success and group encouragement, taking to more proficient and luxuriant designs. I needed to reflect upon how I might derive my coveted consistent, touchable consequences. One lady commented how leery she was that inside informations would be fed back to her surgery, taking me to reason that merely the creative person is in a place to justice consequences. This, nevertheless, would necessarily conflict with their purpose of making a relaxing, stress-free environment, be intrusive and impact their credibleness. From this I realised why so few undertakings offer inquirers during undertakings, allow entirely elaborate mental wellness evaluation graduated tables. It was evident that this type of category succeeds or fails with the creative person. The undertakings must be designed to win with limited participant accomplishment, yet contain the flexibleness to stretch creativeness. By their dependance upon artist creativeness, it seems impossible that undertakings can of all time be standardised. Concluding Contemplation and hereafter So what have I learned from this experience? While my literature reappraisal highlighted promising grounds ( e.g. singing in dementedness ) , 9 it failed to supply the grounds necessary to convert me that art has a mainstream function in the intervention of mental wellness. Under certain fortunes, nevertheless, exposure to art is contributing to wellness and healing and hence decidedly has a healthcare function. How to measure art strategies to a degree perceived as convincing to mainstream medical specialty is an country of much argument. From my experience, nevertheless, I believe we can ne’er standardize, randomize or placebo control this type of health care. As a effect I can non forsee a clip where we can robustly reply the inquiry, does art intercession work? My experience, nevertheless, allowed me to see the possible benefits, which as a GP I would enthusiastically back and use any local undertakings. Engagement in the procedure has changed many of my preconceived positions. There will ever be a group of persons who ‘modern medical specialty ‘ fails to assist and I think mental wellness is one country which is typified by this thought. The art intercession I witnessed impressed upon me that complementary attacks to wellness can assist in domains frequently ill represented by traditional ‘medical ‘ theoretical accounts of health care ( assurance, self-esteem, communicating ) . Rather than beliing the medical theoretical account, such attacks compliment the thought of handling the emotional and religious demands of the individual holistically. The literature reappraisal and personal contemplation besides highlighted the deficiency of apprehension of what art and wellness involves, particularly by clinicians who are frequently determination shapers and fund holders. In this epoch of asceticism undertakings will be expected to ‘deliver ‘ . With the benefit of experience I now judge an one-year strategy cost-efficient at A ; lb ; 5,000 ( less than A ; lb ; 60/hour ) , 14 nevertheless, I am concerned that many art-based undertakings will happen it impossible to make the sensed holy grail of supplying justifiable consequences and their support watercourses could easy be squeezed without an grasp of their benefit and an apprehension of the ‘results ‘ This hazards marginalizing vulnerable groups who are frequently ill represented by traditional medical specialty. 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Defining humanitarian aid free essay sample

‘Humanitarian aid’ is aid and action designed to save lives, alleviate suffering and maintain and protect human dignity during and in the aftermath of emergencies. The characteristics that mark it out from other forms of foreign assistance and development aid are that: it is intended to be governed by the principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence it is intended to be short-term in nature and provide for activities in the immediate aftermath of a disaster. In practice it is often difficult to say where ‘during and in the immediate aftermath of emergencies’ ends and other types of assistance begin, especially in situations of prolonged vulnerability. Traditional responses to humanitarian crises, and the easiest to categorise as such, are those that fall under the aegis of ‘emergency response’: material relief assistance and services (shelter, water, medicines etc. ) emergency food aid (short-term distribution and supplementary feeding programmes) relief coordination, protection and support services (coordination, logistics and communications). But humanitarian aid can also include reconstruction and rehabilitation (repairing pre-existing infrastructure as opposed to longer-term activities designed to improve the level of infrastructure) and disaster prevention and preparedness (disaster risk reduction (DRR), early warning systems, contingency stocks and planning). Under the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Development Assistance Committee (DAC) reporting criteria, humanitarian aid has very clear cut-off points – for example, ‘disaster preparedness’ excludes longer-term work such as prevention of floods or conflicts. ‘Reconstruction relief and rehabilitation’ includes repairing pre-existing infrastructure but excludes longer-term activities designed to improve the level of infrastructure. Humanitarian aid is given by governments, individuals, NGOs, multilateral organisations, domestic organisations and private companies. Some differentiate their humanitarian assistance from development or other foreign assistance, but they draw the line in different places and according to different criteria. We report what others themselves report as ‘humanitarian’ assistance but try to consistently label and source this. Global humanitarian assistance The term ‘global humanitarian assistance’ is used within the context of the Global Humanitarian Assistance (GHA) programme to mean: international humanitarian response (i. e. humanitarian aid from governments and private contributions) domestic response (provided by governments in response to crises inside their own countries) other types of assistance that go to people in humanitarian crises which fall outside that captured in the data on ‘international’ or ‘domestic’ humanitarian response (e.g. peacekeeping and other official development assistance(ODA) activities such as governance and security). International humanitarian aid International humanitarian aid (or ‘international humanitarian response’) is used to describe the contributions of: international governments individuals, private foundations, trusts, private companies and corporations. Humanitarian aid from governments Our definition of government funding for humanitarian crises comprises: the humanitarian aid expenditure of the 24 OECD DAC members – Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European institutions – as reported to the OECD DAC as part of an annual obligation to report on ODA flows expenditure by ‘other governments’ as captured by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA) Financial Tracking Service (FTS). Our labelling of ‘governments’ is driven by the way in which they report their expenditure – i. e. those that report to theOECD DAC as DAC members and those that do not. ‘Other governments’ are sometimes referred to as ‘non-DAC donors’, ‘non-traditional donors’, ‘emerging donors’ or ‘south–south development partners’. Note: For OECD DAC donors, we make an adjustment to the DAC-reported humanitarian aid figure so that it takes account of each donor’s multilateral (core and totally unearmarked) ODA contributions to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) and the World Food Programme (WFP) – see ‘total official humanitarian aid’ below. Private contributions Private contributions are those from individuals, private foundations, trusts, private companies and corporations. In our overall estimates of international humanitarian response, private contributions are those raised by humanitarian organisations, including NGOs, the UN and the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. Data for the period 2006–2011 was collated directly from a sample of organisations and complemented by figures from annual reports. The study-set for this period included five UN agencies (UNHCR, UNRWA, WFP, the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)), 62 non-governmental organisations (NGOs), the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and seven Red Cross national societies (Belgium, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, France, Sweden and the United Kingdom). Data for 2011 is provisional. Where we need breakdowns of where the money is spent and how it gets there, data is taken from UN OCHA’s FTS (a disaggregation of NGO, Foundations and Red Cross/Crescent reporting in the FTS plus private contributions from individuals and the private sector). Total ‘official’ humanitarian aid Total ‘official’ humanitarian aid is a sub-set of ODA. We use it when making comparisons with other development assistance. It takes account of humanitarian expenditure through NGOs, multilateral UN agencies and funds, public-private partnerships and public sector agencies – and, in order to take account of multilateral ODA contributions to UN agencies with almost uniquely humanitarian mandates, we make the following calculations: humanitarian aid as reported in DAC1 Official and Private Flows, item I. A. 1. 5 (net disbursements) total ODA disbursements to UNHCR, UNRWA and WFP, as recipients, reported in DAC2a ODA disbursement (we do not include all ODA to WFP but apply a percentage in order to take into account the fact that WFP also has a ‘developmental’ mandate). Notes: (1) All of our humanitarian aid categories include money spent through humanitarian financing mechanisms such as the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) and country-level pooled funds. Where necessary, we impute amounts spent through the CERF in specific countries back to the donor (for example, if Norway contributed 10% of CERF funding in 2009 and the CERF allocated US$10 million to Afghanistan, US$1 million would be added on to Norway’s other humanitarian expenditure on projects in Afghanistan). (2) The European Commission (EC) functions both as a donor agency and as a multilateral recipient of EU member state funds. It provides direct donor support to developing countries as well as playing a ‘federating’ role with other EC institutions and EU member states. We treat the EC as a donor within our DAC donor analyses. However, totally unearmarked (‘multilateral’) ODA to the EC is a core component of some donors’ overall ODA/humanitarian aid contributions – so we calculate the EC’s humanitarian aid (including its own unearmarked multilateral ODA to UNHCR, UNRWA and WFP as a donor) and apportion a share of this to each DAC EU member state – Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. 2